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You have likely never heard of . You should have.

Over the past decade, Tosin and his team built into the operating system for more than 6 million Nigerian businesses, , or .

As a Nigerian American, I’ve witnessed my father make trips to Western Union to send money back home for decades, and I experienced Nigeria’s fee-laden payment system when visiting the country. Moniepoint is transforming that system.

Moniepoint is not alone. , , , , Ìý1 — these are companies most Americans have never heard of, despite them being worth several tens or hundreds of billions, following the trail blazed by , and .

These are super apps that bundle banking, commerce, ride-hailing and bill pay into one trusted application. The idea never took hold in the U.S. for one reason: trust is cheap here. With , a specialist app inherits the credibility of the financial system. Where trust is cheap, there is no need for a super app.

Build trust first

In emerging markets, trust is the whole problem. Four conditions tend to precede a super app: High mobile penetration, which makes distribution cheap; weak incumbent competition; poor existing financial services; and the condition most investors screen past, a financial crisis severe enough to strip incumbents of legitimacy. These populations are not merely underbanked. They were harmed, and the institutions that harmed them still hold the market.

Brazil froze roughly 80% of bank deposits and financial investments for 18 months in 1990 in an effort to break hyperinflation. The banking consolidation that followed left five banks and . That was the void Nubank was born into.

Kazakhstan went through it twice: savings erased by inflation in the thousands of percent when the ruble zone collapsed in 1993, then a 2007–09 banking crisis in which the country’s largest bank, BTA, holding roughly a quarter of the system’s assets, Kaspi grew into that void.

Southeast Asia’s 1997 crisis was harsher still. Indonesia closed 16 banks in a single announcement, the %. Two decades later which enabled Sea to build and into that gap.

Kaspi also answers the objection I hear most from American investors, which is that these markets are too small to produce large exits. Kazakhstan has only 20 million people, and according to company , around 14 million — nearly 70% of its population — use Kaspi. The . It earns . Depth of spend, not population, sets the ceiling.

Compare Nubank to . Nubank has 14x the customers, to , about 7x the revenue and a market capitalization more than 6x larger. Nubank . A technology applied in an overlooked market with a large unaddressed pain point can build a bigger and more defensible company than the same technology applied in a rich one.

Screen for the four conditions and a few markets stand out as places where the next super app could emerge:

• Bangladesh: , with the government now promising to pay 7.5 million savers whose money is gone.
• Egypt: Repeated devaluations of the pound between 2016 and 2024, shrinking savings held at banks the state itself owns.
• Vietnam: after its owner was arrested in a $24 billion fraud.
• Pakistan: , then government-built rails and a national ID that makes onboarding nearly costless.

One boundary condition: The crisis must be severe enough to delegitimize incumbents but contained enough that the currency and payment rails still work.

The first generation of super apps created enormous value for the investors who backed them early. In 2001, the South African media company paid roughly $34 million for a 46.5% stake in Tencent, and . ’s investment in Nubank’s $2 million seed round, combined with its lead Series A investment, was worth $7 billion at the company’s IPO.

The second generation is scaling now. The third will be built on stablecoins and AI technologies, in Abidjan, Buenos Aires, Karachi and Lagos, by founders like Tosin Eniolorunda who will play an increasingly important role in the growth of emerging market economies.

Ìý is co-founder and managing partner of , where he oversees the firm’s investing strategy, governance and compliance, with a focus on fintech and enterprise technology. Since co-founding 645 Ventures in 2014, he has invested in and partnered with companies including , , , , and . Previously, he was an investor at , where he invested in 19 companies and had nine exits representing more than $9 billion in exit value.

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