has been operating in that market since 2013. The New York-based company operates a marketplace for shares of privately held companies, giving employees and other shareholders a way to sell stock before a company goes public or is acquired.

announced plans to acquire EquityZen in October 2025 and completed the deal in January 2026, bringing the company under the investment bank’s umbrella.

, who co-founded EquityZen and serves as its chief strategy officer, has had a front-row seat to the secondary market’s evolution. ������Ƶ News spoke with Haslett about what secondary-market pricing says about today’s most sought-after startups, why AI companies are commanding premiums while many older startups trade at discounts, what the IPO market looks like beyond its biggest names, and why investors are taking a closer look at hard tech.

The following conversation has been edited for length and clarity.

������Ƶ News: The second quarter was one of the strongest venture-backed IPO quarters since 2021, but drove much of that activity. If you remove SpaceX, how open is the IPO market for the typical late-stage startup?

Phil Haslett: Generally, I’d say it’s better than it was three or six months ago. If you were a private late-stage technology company, you probably were going to wait until after SpaceX anyway, so that hurdle is gone.

Tech markets are also doing well. The stock market is at an all-time high, and there’s been a strong recovery in tech stocks overall. I assume that we’re gearing up for a busier summer than usual.

Another thing to consider is IPO performance beyond SpaceX. Some have had initial enthusiasm followed by a slowdown. has come down a bit. So companies may see it as a good time to go public, while post-IPO performance has been, in a word, “meh.”

But within AI, I think we’ve seen that there’s opportunity up and down the production curve — from energy for data centers, to the technology inside them, to orchestration of compute, to efficient spending on training and inference. There are a lot of interesting companies along that spectrum, and I think that bodes well for companies in the space that want to go public.

A few companies entered your Top 20, including , , and . Does that reflect a durable shift away from traditional software, or are investors chasing a small group of scarce, high-profile hard-tech companies?

Haslett: I think it reflects a thematic shift. The companies entering that list generally fall into AI infrastructure, space tech and robotics.

If those are industries we think will have generational growth opportunities, the logical conclusion is that each sector will have winners. SpaceX gets people thinking about opportunities in space and space tech, and by extension defense tech.

The same applies to AI infrastructure. If the market is that big, and we’ve seen companies go public over the last year or so, it stands to reason investors will be interested in other companies in that space. I think that’s more important than simply chasing scarce supply.

These businesses tend to be more capital intensive and may take longer to reach predictable revenue than a traditional SaaS company. How are secondary investors underwriting them?

Haslett: If a company needs more capital, investors have to decide whether the overall opportunity is big enough to justify waiting longer and having the company raise more.

If you have to build a factory or get regulatory approval, that can delay the company’s ability to increase its valuation or reach an exit. Investors discount that into what they’re willing to pay.

Secondary investors are making the same calculus as primary venture and growth investors, so you’d imagine much of that is already baked into headline valuations from primary raises.

What’s changed is that capital-intensive companies now have more financing options. Five or six years ago, a battery company or new chip manufacturer might have had little choice but to raise equity. In 2026, more credit and asset-based financing options are available.

That matters because if one of these companies underperforms or has a distressed asset sale, creditors and lenders get paid first. Secondary investors have to factor that in, too.

EquityZen says the average transaction occurred at a 38% discount to the last funding round, while many AI transactions traded at premiums. What does that say about how bifurcated the private market has become?

Haslett: I don’t know if it’s a mispricing. There are essentially two vintages of private companies right now.

Some companies weren’t built AI-first and have had to adapt. Many raised during the go-go years of 2021, at very high valuations, and may not have raised since. They’ve had to rethink their strategies, which can slow growth and execution. That gets reflected in the discount.

Then there’s a new wave of companies, from 2023 and beyond, that were built with an AI-first mentality. They started from a clean slate, may operate more efficiently, and have a cleaner story for the market.

Some of those companies are raising rounds in quick succession at higher valuations. Secondary investors may pay a premium because they believe the company’s trajectory is clear and the next valuation increase could happen quickly.

is an example from the 2021 cohort. It raised at roughly a $10 billion-plus valuation and just sold for substantially less. It’s still a good business, but when investors compare 20% growth with newer companies going from zero to hundreds of millions in revenue in just a few years, you can understand why their appetite changes.

We may see more companies from that era sell for less than where they raised in 2021.

Over the past few years, many private companies have conducted secondaries because they weren’t ready to go public. When should founders consider establishing a company-approved secondary program?

Haslett: Historically, companies started thinking about liquidity programs after they’d been around five, six, or seven years, largely to reward employees for their patience and provide liquidity to early investors.

Now we’re seeing younger companies engage in controlled liquidity and tender offers.

One reason is talent retention. There are only so many engineers and data scientists, and companies need to compete for them. Secondary liquidity has become more normalized.

More solutions are available than before. Morgan Stanley, for example, has significantly grown its tender-offer activity as investor interest and available tools have expanded.

There’s also more investor appetite. Investors are increasingly willing to gain ownership through tender offers or secondary transactions. Five years ago, that was far less common.

Right now, it’s a very founder- and employee-friendly environment, and investors are willing to support secondary liquidity because they want access. If markets turn, that pendulum could shift back.

For investors considering private-company shares, what does a secondary-market price tell them compared with the valuation at the company’s last fundraise?

Haslett: I think it gives them the true price.

A primary valuation is a point-in-time measure of what investors were willing to pay, and those investors generally received preferred stock with additional rights and liquidation preferences.

The secondary market is more telling of what you could actually get in your pocket now. For companies that embrace secondary liquidity, those prices help employees, former employees and early investors understand what their shares are actually worth.

How does EquityZen calculate popularity and distinguish durable investor demand from curiosity or hype?

Haslett: Our platform allows investors, typically retail accredited investors, to tell us what they’re interested in. They can browse companies, review our analysis, and indicate which companies they would invest in, if shares became available, and at what size.

That gives us a real-time metric of what our user base wants to invest in and how much. It helps guide where we spend our time bringing opportunities to clients.

The last thing we want is to work with a shareholder when we can’t find a buyer, or with a buyer when we can’t find shares for sale.

What does the recent consolidation in the secondary market tell you about how the market is evolving?

Haslett: There was a lot of attention toward the end of 2025 around consolidation in the secondary-market space. went to , and EquityZen went to Morgan Stanley.

To me, that reflects market growth, increasing adoption of secondary liquidity, and the fact that the biggest financial institutions are paying attention. I don’t expect that to change.

Your data showed that some software companies began trading at premiums again in the second quarter. What separates those gaining investor confidence from those still trading at deep discounts?

Haslett: Execution. Leadership and execution.

It’s about a company’s ability to take a legacy SaaS business and turn it into something AI-enabled across the business. Are you using AI tools to improve internal tasks? Are you building AI into your product for clients?

Companies that can combine the stickiness and customer loyalty they’ve already built with their domain expertise and AI are going to do just fine. The ones that are slower to adopt are going to get pummeled.

Six months ago, there was concern that when a company like announced a cybersecurity or legal tool, companies in those sectors would immediately lose value. I think some of that was a knee-jerk reaction.

Customers already using your software have some patience, but they also expect you to keep improving the product and give them a reason not to switch. The companies that are slow to react, or too proud to react, are the ones I think will get hit hardest.

, and 1��are examples of software that is deeply ingrained in large enterprises. If companies can keep their products working well and keep adapting them, they still have a shot at being successful standalone businesses. It comes down to management execution.

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This month’s installment of this column is all AI, though applications for the technology range widely, from two startups that apply AI to trash or recycling, to another that promises to help people breathe and sleep better, to a company that says its AI can help architects and builders spot commercial projects before they’re even announced. Let’s jump in.

$27M to help recycling plants see what’s in trash

For decades, the recycling industry has relied on sampling and educated guesses to understand what moves through its facilities. But wants every discarded bottle, carton and wrapper to become data.

The London-based startup said last month that it has raised a £20.3 million ($27 million) Series B led by technology investor . The company installs AI-powered camera systems above conveyor belts in recycling plants, then uses computer vision to identify materials, products and brands in real time. Greyparrot says that data helps operators recover more valuable materials, improve sorting efficiency and comply with increasingly strict recycling regulations.

Its systems are now deployed in more than 20 countries and have analyzed more than 1 trillion waste objects, per the company. It counts large waste-processing companies such as and among its customers.

The data gathered at plants also feeds Greyparrot’s Deepnest platform, which it says consumer brands including , and use to understand what happens to their packaging after consumers throw it away, helping to inform redesigns and comply with Extended Producer Responsibility rules in places such as Canada and the EU.

The fresh funding will help expand the company’s footprint across North America and Europe and support its goal of preventing more than 1 million tons of waste by 2030.

The raise reflects growing investor interest in applying AI in the physical world rather than behind computer screens. Companies in the physical AI sector raised nearly $47.3 billion in the first half of 2026, ������Ƶ data shows, up nearly 80% year over year, as startups increasingly apply artificial intelligence to settings such as factories, recycling plants and other 3D environments.

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$17M to help robots navigate where GPS can’t

For a recently funded robotics company, the next frontier for physical AI is underground: in mines, tunnels and other places where GPS doesn’t work.

Australian startup said last month that it secured $17 million in new funding. That includes a $10 million equity round backed by , , , and as well as a $7 million venture debt facility from the country’s National Reconstruction Fund Corp. The company plans to scale manufacturing and expand its AI autonomy and cloud mapping platforms.

Emesent is best known for Hovermap, a LiDAR scanning payload that mounts to drones, vehicles or backpacks to create detailed 3D maps of mines, industrial sites and other hazardous environments. But increasingly, the company’s focus is software. Its Cortex AI platform enables robots to navigate autonomously in environments without GPS, while its Aura cloud platform processes and analyzes the resulting spatial data.

The company says its technology is already deployed at more than 200 mine sites worldwide and that it is expanding into the defense, critical infrastructure and construction sectors.

Its raise is another example of increased interest and investment in physical AI. As industries grapple with labor shortages and increasingly dangerous operating environments, startups that combine robotics, computer vision and autonomy are attracting fresh capital to automate work that’s difficult, dirty or unsafe for humans.

Robotics investment funding overall has been on a tear in recent quarters. Startups in the category raised $15 billion globally in 2025 — an annual record that has already been eclipsed partway through 2026 —��������Ƶ data shows.

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$12.25M for AI that treats congestion with sound

We’ve covered AI that can do dirty work like help sort through trash or navigate underground mines. What about AI to help people breathe?

San Francisco-based medtech startup recently raised an oversubscribed $12.25 million Series A led by . The company develops FDA-cleared, noninvasive devices that it says use AI and acoustic resonance therapy to treat congestion and improve sleep without drugs.

The company said its flagship Sonu band personalizes sound waves based on a user’s facial anatomy to open nasal passages, while its newer Spatial Sleep device aims to help users fall asleep faster and stay asleep longer.

The raise comes as investors continue to back AI-powered medical devices that combine software with regulated hardware. Companies that intersect ������Ƶ’s AI and medical devices industries raised more than $629 million in the first half of this year, our data shows, up about 33% year over year.

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$3.85M to turn unrecyclable trash into fuel

Trash and recycling emerged as an unexpected theme in this month’s column. While Greyparrot helps companies better understand what’s in landfills and recycling plants, another recently funded company, , says it’s working to turn unrecyclable garbage into industrial fuel.

The Las Vegas-based company last month announced a $3.85 million round co-led by and to commercialize technology that converts hard-to-recycle plastics and other waste into industrial fuel. The startup says its engineered fuel can replace coal in cement, steel and other heavy industries without requiring factories to modify existing equipment. The new funding will help it build its first commercial U.S. biofuel facility outside Las Vegas.

Global venture investment into cleantech-related startups has been steady but not record-breaking in recent years, ������Ƶ data shows. Around $15 billion went into rounds for companies in ������Ƶ’s cleantech-, EV- and sustainability-focused categories in the first half of 2026, putting this year’s funding on track to slightly exceed the 2025 tally, which was the lowest in several years.

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$3.5M to predict construction projects before they’re announced

The biggest construction opportunities often surface months before the first request for proposals. promises to use AI to spot them first.

The New York-based startup last month raised $3.5 million in seed funding from ’s accelerator, , and others to build an AI platform for architecture, engineering and construction firms. The startup promises to give such companies an edge over their competitors by helping them discover projects earlier and identify the best path to winning them. Instead of searching public bid databases, Cascade says its tech can analyze signals such as bond filings, property transactions, capital budgets and meeting minutes to identify projects while they’re still taking shape.

Overall funding to real estate-related startups has trended higher in recent quarters, and the sector emerged as a bright spot for seed funding in the first half of 2026, an analysis of ������Ƶ data shows. Other seed-funded real estate startups this year have spanned areas ranging from streamlining planning and building processes to real estate investing to reducing power consumption in buildings.

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Correction: The article was updated to reflect Forge Industries’ correct headquarters location.

Related reading:

• VCs Pour Billions Into Physical AI As The Next Wave Of AI Investing Takes Shape
• Sector Snapshot: Cleantech Startup Funding Stabilizes As Energy Demand Grows

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On the ������Ƶ ������Ƶ, we track active investors over all time. Here, we look at the investors in the companies that gained horns in the most recent funding cycle to see which firms predominate.

New unicorn counts have picked up significantly year over year. So far this year, 250 companies have joined the board through Aug. 15, up from 2025’s 193 companies. Leading sectors included robotics, AI labs, healthcare and biotech, financial services, AI infrastructure, and AI deployment, among others. Of the companies, 139 (56%) are U.S.-headquartered, and 47 (19%) are from China.

An analysis of ������Ƶ data finds that most of the funding these companies raised came in 2026: a whopping 75% of all funding — $74 billion out of $98 billion. By contrast, 30% of deals took place in 2026, the highest count so far by year, with 329 deals. Nonetheless, most deals occurred in prior years, with seed investments starting in 2012, Series A in 2014, and Series B rounds in 2017, though the pace has picked up since 2024.

The Top 10 most active investors in this cohort by investment count were Sequoia Capital, Khosla Ventures, Y Combinator, , , , , , , and .

Y Combinator is the only accelerator on this list and BoxGroup the single seed investor to make the Top 10. (formerly Sequoia Capital China), headquartered in Hong Kong with offices across China, is the notable investor from Asia on this leading list of 29 investors. Private equity firms and are in this leading list, and on the corporate venture capital front and are featured.

Seed portfolio

Y Combinator and Sequoia Capital had the largest seed portfolio counts, with investments of $20 million or less. Seed investor BoxGroup, headquartered in New York, had the third-largest count of seed portfolio companies, a significant achievement since it invests in far fewer companies than Y Combinator and its funds are a fraction of what Sequoia Capital raises.

Also impressive were with five companies at seed, and , Lux Capital and Founders Fund, each with four portfolio investments at seed. Among this cohort, Lux Capital and Founders Fund had the largest crossover, sharing three portfolio companies out of four.

Series A leaders

The most active Series A lead investors were Andreessen Horowitz, with Khosla Ventures and tied with Sequoia Capital at six investments each. Series A investment sizes show a wide range, from $6 million to $500 million. Larger Series A rounds were not dominant but noticeable for many of these firms, except for , Founders Fund and Bessemer Venture Partners.

As funding activity, unicorn creation and valuations accelerated in 2026, the investors with the largest portfolios were those with early-stage access and the resources to continue backing companies as they scale. Established multistage firms dominate the rankings, while only a handful of accelerators, seed specialists, corporate investors, private equity and Asia-based firms break into the leading group.

The next test will be whether this year’s newly minted unicorns can turn rapid capital formation and lofty valuations into durable, category-defining businesses.

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Venture investors appear to increasingly see physical AI as the next leg of the broader AI boom. Notably, according to a recent article in , many firms known for early bets on software, internet services and social media companies are writing more checks to companies building “physical technologies and materials tied to the artificial-intelligence boom.”

������Ƶ data backs this up.

In the first half of 2026, global venture funding in the space totaled $47.4 billion across 521 deals, per our data. That’s up dramatically — almost 4x — compared to the second half of 2025 when physical AI startups raised $12 billion across 470 deals. It’s also up significantly — by nearly 80% — from the $26.4 billion raised across 436 deals in the first half of 2025.

To give you an idea of just how much more money is going into physical AI companies, here’s a comparison. In the three years spanning 2022 to 2024 combined, venture investors put a total of $41.9 billion into physical AI companies — still several billion less than we’ve seen raised in just the first half of this year alone.

And before we go any further, I should clarify that by our criteria, physical AI includes industries such as robotics, autonomous vehicles, aerospace, drones, industrial automation and sensors.

Noteworthy deals

Several multibillion-dollar megadeals drove the spike in H1 investment. One very large deal in particular accounted for nearly one-third of all venture dollars: Mountain View, California-based ’s raised in February. , , and co-led the financing, which was raised at a staggering $126 billion valuation.

Other companies that have brought in large rounds this year include:

• In May, defense tech startup raised another $5 billion in funding at a $61 billion valuation — double the $30.5 billion valuation it received less than a year earlier.
• San Diego-based in March landed a $2 billion Series G round co-led by and . Its valuation jumped to $12.7 billion.
• In March, Austin-based , a defense tech startup focused on autonomous sea vessels, raised $1.75 billion in Series D funding, bringing its total funding to around $2.6 billion. led the round, which set Saronic’s valuation at $9.25 billion — more than double its Series C level in 2025.

Exits

The physical AI space has also produced several notable exits so far in 2026, although activity has been more concentrated in aerospace, defense and drones than in areas like robotics.

has been the clear outlier, raising $75 billion in its June IPO at a $1.77 trillion valuation. Other notable public debuts include Herndon, Virginia-based space intelligence company , which raised $416 million, and Arlington, Virginia-based autonomous drone maker , which raised $320 million. On the M&A side, one of the most notable deals was roughly $900 million acquisition of Tel Aviv’s humanoid robotics startup , a transaction the company explicitly tied to its push into physical AI.

Investor POV

, general partner at , told ������Ƶ News via email that while funding in physical AI has historically been concentrated in robotics and humanoids, defense, and foundational models, he sees the opportunity as much broader. Physical AI, in his view, represents the convergence of software, hardware, sensors and IoT, and services across a wide variety of real-world applications. What is changing, according to Ziegler, is AI’s ability to process data from those systems at such a scale and speed to generate useful operational insights, while the underlying hardware becomes cheaper and more accessible.

“Even our mobile phones now have LIDAR scanners on them,” he noted, “democratizing the ability to map objects and spaces.”

For Edison Partners, the appeal is particularly strong in high-value, traditionally analog industries where physical AI can become mission-critical infrastructure. Ziegler pointed to manufacturing, supply chain, utilities, agriculture, transportation, government, and physical and spatial intelligence as areas of interest. Many of these companies resemble vertical software businesses, he said, with “attractive unit economics, large deal values and multi-year deployments,” while their combination of software, sensors and hardware can generate proprietary datasets that become increasingly valuable over time. Edison is especially interested in applications where the return on investment is measurable through predictive maintenance, risk management, asset integrity, security and autonomous operations.

The economics of building these companies have also improved considerably over the past two years. Ziegler compared the shift to what cloud infrastructure did for SaaS.

“The costs to build these companies have come down, and AI infrastructure and multi-modal tech to do so is now available,” he said.

Meanwhile, compute and foundation-model capabilities have become more accessible, reusable models and physics-based simulation have improved, training data is more plentiful, and sensor and hardware costs have declined. At the same time, companies are increasingly bundling hardware into recurring or mixed-revenue models and moving toward outcome- or usage-based pricing. That combination, Ziegler said, makes the hardware itself a distribution mechanism for software and data, with “hardware [as] the distribution model for creating a data intelligence flywheel.”

, partner and head of growth at , told ������Ƶ News via email that while physical industries remain capital intensive, AI and other enabling technologies are changing how efficiently companies can build and scale. Historically, the capital required to reach meaningful scale made investors wary, but he argues that “tech barriers are plummeting, experienced talent is pouring in, and market demand is rising.”

That convergence is driving more investment into areas including energy, robotics and autonomy, inference, chips and compute, and data center infrastructure. As a result, he said, funding is increasingly shifting away from experimentation and toward companies that can hit production milestones, land customers and scale efficiently.

For Eclipse, physical AI is not a new theme but a core investment thesis dating back to the firm’s founding in 2015. Fath said the opportunity has become more compelling because “the technical and economic conditions are now catching up to that longstanding conviction,” allowing companies to iterate, deploy products and reach customers faster.

Eclipse defines physical AI broadly as “intelligence embedded in systems that perceive, reason, and act in the real world,” while generally avoiding investments in standalone large-language-model providers. Fath described the firm’s focus as investing on the “shoulders,” rather than the “head.” This means that Eclipse backs both the infrastructure that enables generative AI, such as chips, compute, energy and data centers, and the companies applying AI to build new businesses in the physical world.

He views the current landscape as the result of technology, talent, capital, demand and policy finally aligning. More powerful compute, foundation models, simulation and developer tools are allowing smaller teams to build faster with less capital and labor, Fath points out. Looking ahead, he expects value to accrue throughout the physical AI stack, but believes the strongest moats will belong to companies that vertically integrate and own multiple layers.

Ultimately, he said, “customers value operational efficiency, reliability, and revenue, not technical sophistication alone.” The companies that can turn technical capability into dependable systems at commercial scale — and then use their data and infrastructure to expand into additional products — are likely to capture the most value.

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In turn, semiconductor giants are investing record sums in startups. So far this year, the sector’s most valuable companies have participated in rounds collectively valued at over $250 billion, per ������Ƶ data. That’s multiples above prior high marks.

Large cap chip companies are also leading and co-leading some of the biggest financings. This includes ’s record-breaking $122 billion March funding round, in which was one of eight lead investors.

The other big deals

There’s no getting around that the OpenAI megaround really skewed the 2026 totals. That one deal accounts for over 95% of the value of all semiconductor company-led financings.

Still, there are plenty of other big rounds with semiconductor backing this year that, by any other comparative benchmark, would also be considered enormous. Take July’s $5 billion corporate financing from Nvidia for foundational AI startup .

So far this year, corporate semiconductor giants have invested in more than 60 startup financings of $100 million or more. Of those, 16 rounds were valued at $1 billion or more, which we list below.

Most active and highest spending semiconductor investors

It should surprise no one that Nvidia is the most active and highest spending corporate investor in the semiconductor space. The AI chip architect has participated in a record 59 known funding rounds so far this year, per ������Ƶ data, up from 53 in all of 2025.

With a market cap around $5.4 trillion and a continued reign as the world’s most valuable public company, Nvidia certainly has the financial resources to invest heavily in startups. The company is also active as a lead investor, having led or co-led at least 11 private company financings this year, per ������Ƶ data.

, with 19 private company financings this year, is also upping its startup investment activity in tandem with what’s been a strong year for its own shares. This year’s tally includes at least four rounds valued at $1 billion or more.

Another standout is , with at least 17 known startup investments so far this year. The South Korean megacap has a lengthy history of active participation in seed and venture deals.

The corporate investment tallies also don’t represent the full extent of semiconductor companies’ involvement in the venture funding ecosystem. Additionally, some invest through backing outside venture funds.

Is this peak?

With semiconductor companies raking in profits from the AI boom, and shares soaring alongside, it’s worth considering whether we may be close to a peak for semiconductor startup investment. On the other hand, if industry leaders’ shares keep rising, the sums spent on startup dealmaking look comparatively small relative to semiconductor giants’ swelling valuations.

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Leading sectors by count were financial services, robotics, AI orchestration, multimodal AI, energy and the semiconductor industry.

In the past two months, the board added more than $100 billion each month in value from newly minted unicorns. Three companies joined the board at decacorn values. , and together added $49 billion in the past month.

The U.S. counts 19 new unicorn companies, just under half of the newly minted unicorns in July. China, the second-largest country, numbered eight. From the U.K., there were three companies, and from Singapore, two. Lithuania, Germany, Spain, Hungary, Australia, India, Israel and Hong Kong each count one.

Among the newly minted unicorns, 15 were less than 3 years old. And seven companies were more than 10 years old.

So far this year, the count of new unicorns has accelerated. A total of 195 companies joined in H1 this year, already exceeding the total for all of 2025.

New unicorns in July

Here are July’s new unicorn companies:

Financial services

• Singapore-based , an affiliate of the private payments company , raised a $1.2 billion Series A funding round with participation from Ant Group and . Ant International was spun out in 2024 and was valued at $11.2 billion in this recent funding.
• , a digital banking platform for banks and credit unions, raised $115 million in private equity funding led by . The 9-year-old San Ramon, California-based company that supports customer retention and services was valued at $1.6 billion.
• Budapest-based , an auto insurance provider using AI, raised a $23 million Series B funding round led by . The almost 2-year-old company, founded by a Serbian team, was valued at $1.6 billion.�� Ominimo reports $350 million in gross written premiums and is approaching 1 million customers. It operates in Hungary, Poland, the Netherlands and Sweden, and plans to expand across Europe and to the U.S. in 2027.
• , an AI-native private bank for high net worth business owners, raised a $70 million Series B led by . The 4-year-old San Francisco-based company was valued at $1.2 billion.
• , a membership and savings app for U.S. consumers, raised $65 million in Series D funding led by . The 10-year-old San Francisco-based company was valued at $1.2 billion. Surpassing $200 million in net revenue in 2025 from membership and transactional revenue, the company says it is growing 50% year over year and is approaching 1 million members.
• London-based , a savings app which has become a digital wealth management platform, raised a $60 million secondary market transaction led by . The 11-year-old company was valued at $1.1 billion. The secondary sale is to provide liquidity for long-term employees. The company is profitable and has helped 200,000 people buy their first home.

Robotics

• Guangdong-based humanoid robotics company raised $200 million in pre-IPO funding. The 4-year-old company is focused on entertainment, hospitality, and service for humanoid robotics, not manufacturing, with half of its orders coming from outside of China. The company was valued at $2.2 billion.
• Shenzhen-based , a builder of precision tactile sensing technology for robotics, raised $148 million in Series E funding. The 10-year-old company was valued at $1.5 billion.
• London-based , a humanoid robotics company for manufacturing, retail and logistics, raised a $152 million Series A funding led by . The 2-year-old company was valued at $1.4 billion and plans to roll out its wheeled beta version robots to customers in Q4. It has also developed a software brain, KinetIQ, to reason and execute complex tasks alongside humans.
• Full-stack physical AI company emerged from stealth with a $300 million seed funding led by and . The less-than-1-year-old Cambridge, Massachusetts-based company focused on manufacturing and logistics was valued at $1.1 billion.
• , an embodied intelligence company, raised a $147 million seed funding round led by and . The less than 1-year-old Nanjing, China-based company is focused on closed-loop learning, building robotics for manufacturing with the ultimate goal of building a general-purpose robot for the home. The company was valued at $1 billion.
• Dexterous hand robotics company raised a $74 million Series A funding led by . The 1-year-old Hangzhou, China-based company was valued at $1 billion.

AI

• Lithuania-based , a public data web scraping service useful for AI applications and agentic AI, raised its first external financing, a $130 million Series A led by . The company reports $350 million in ARR serving 350,000 tech teams. The 11-year-old company was valued at $3.6 billion.
• Spain-based , a compression technology for AI that improves efficiency and cost, whether on device or in the cloud. It raised a $570 million Series C led by , and . The 7-year-old company was valued at $2.3 billion.
• , creator of synthetic users for consumer research, raised a $200 million Series B led by and . The company raised a $100 million Series A five months earlier. The 1-year-old Palo Alto-based company was valued at $2 billion.
• runs a full-stack platform for companies to train models and agents. It raised a $130 million Series A funding led by . The 2-year-old San Francisco-based company was valued at $1 billion.
• , an enterprise infrastructure management platform for AI, raised a $100 million Series D led by . The 7-year-old San Jose, California-based company was valued at $1 billion.

Multimodal AI

• Beijing-based , a text prompt-to-AI short video startup, raised a $2.8 billion funding round led by , , , , and . The 2-year-old company, a subsidiary of with plans to spin out, was valued at $18 billion.
• , a company that creates 3D visualization from text or image prompts, raised a $400 million Series B funding led by , and . The 5-year-old Sunnyvale, California-based company, used in gaming, 3D printing and design, was valued at $1.5 billion.
• , which provides access to leading models for text, video, image and audio while retaining user privacy, raised a $65 million Series A led by . The service stores communication on a user’s device. The 2-year-old Wyoming-based company was valued at $1 billion.
• Beijing-based , a multimodal model developer, raised a $222 million Series C led by ,, and . The 3-year-old company, used for film, marketing, and social media content creation, was valued at $1 billion.

Energy

• Munich-based nuclear fusion company raised a $470 million Series B led by , , and . The company has offices in Munich, Zurich and Oxford. The 3-year-old company was valued at $2.7 billion.
• a provider of thermal energy storage for data centers, raised a $550 million Series C funding led by and. The 8-year-old San Jose, California-based company was valued at $2.5 billion.
• , a hydrogen-boron fusion company, raised an undisclosed seed round led by , and . The less-than-8-year-old China-based subsidiary of the was valued at $1.6 billion.

Semiconductor

• Israel-based , a fabless semiconductor company building data processing units and chips for data centers and computing systems, raised a $300 million Series E led by . The 9-year-old company was valued at $2.8 billion. The next generation of will be routing via the company’s X2 chip, according to VP of Starlink engineering, .
• Shanghai-based developer of a satellite communication baseband chip for 6G communications, raised an undisclosed amount following a $216 million Series C round earlier this year. The 6-year-old company was valued at around $1.5 billion.
• , a chip company that connects smaller chips to make them more efficient, raised a $145 million Series C led by . The 5-year-old Santa Clara, California-based company was valued at $1 billion.

Cryptocurrency

• Singapore-based , a regulated app for buying, trading, and spending cryptocurrencies, raised a $400 million corporate round. Led by , this marks the company’s first institutional funding. The 10-year-old company was valued at $20 billion.
• , a U.S. stablecoin digital clearing bank for international financial institutions, raised a $180 million Series B led by . The 4-year-old San Francisco-based company was valued at $1 billion.

Defense

• Former Doge employees founded to provide AI-driven cyber capabilities to the U.S. military. Cathedral raised a $160 million Series A led by and . The less-than-1-year-old Washington, D.C.-based company was valued at $1.4 billion.
• London-based , a maritime defense company, raised a $175 million Series B led by . The 6-year-old company was valued at $1 billion.

Marketplace

• , a technology platform for service businesses, raised a $44 million Series D led by . The 10-year-old New York-based company was valued at $1.2 billion. Genius AI operates in the wellness, beauty and health sectors and is approaching a $200 million revenue run rate.

• , a platform for travel advisers, raised a $60 million Series D led by and . The service has 15,000 travel advisers and has booked more than $3 billion in travel over time. The 5-year-old New York-based company was valued at $1 billion.

Data center

• Mumbai-based , a data center service hosting GPUs, one of the largest GPU compute providers in India, raised $150 million in funding. The 7-year-old subsidiary of the was valued at $3.9 billion.

Insurance

• , an insurance platform for some of the largest e-commerce customers, raised $100 million in funding. The 12-year-old New York-based company was valued at $1.9 billion. Its customers include , , , , and , to name a few.

Quantum

• Quantum computing company raised a $300 million Series A led by , and . The less than 1-year-old South Pasadena, California-based company was valued at $1.5 billion.

AI coding

• Autonomous app building startup raised a $130 million Series C led by , and . The 2-year-old Pleasanton, California-based company was valued at $1.5 billion. The company launched a year ago and has enabled non-coders to build applications, with 12 million built on the platform.

Legal

• , an AI legaltech firm that pairs lawyers with agentic AI, raised a $120 million Series C led by . The service is client-oriented, with payments based on outcomes rather than billable hours. The 3-year-old New York-based company was valued at $1.2 billion.

Security

• , an endpoint security firm for the AI era, emerged from stealth, announcing a $100 million Series B led by , , and . In 2025, ahead of launching out of stealth, Glow raised large seed and Series A rounds. The 1-year-old Palo Alto, California-based firm with offices in Tel Aviv was valued at $1.2 billion.

Wearables

• Hong Kong-based smart glass company raised a $150 million Series B led by and . Founded by ex- engineers, the startup is not camera-based but rather a display that beams information visible to the wearer.�� The 2-year-old company was valued at $1 billion.

Related ������Ƶ unicorn lists:

• (1,850)
• (644)
• (245)
• (193)
• (117)
• (102)
• (953)
• (546)
• (251)
• (39)
• (491)

Related reading:

• Global New Unicorn Counts In The First Half Of 2026 Have Already Surpassed 2025’s Totals

Methodology

The ������Ƶ ������Ƶ is a curated list that includes private unicorn companies with post-money valuations of $1 billion or more and is based on ������Ƶ data. New companies are as they reach the $1 billion valuation mark as part of a funding round.

The unicorn board does not reflect internal company valuations — such as those set via a 409a process for employee stock options — as these differ from, and are more likely to be lower than, a priced funding round. We also do not adjust valuations based on investor writedowns, which change quarterly, as different investors will not value the same company consistently within the same quarter.

Funding to unicorn companies includes all private financings to companies that are tagged as unicorns, as well as those that have since graduated to .

Exits analyzed here only include the first time a company exits.

Please note that all funding values are given in U.S. dollars unless otherwise noted. ������Ƶ converts foreign currencies to U.S. dollars at the prevailing spot rate from the date funding rounds, acquisitions, IPOs and other financial events are reported. Even if those events were added to ������Ƶ long after the event was announced, foreign currency transactions are converted at the historic spot price.

Illustration:

In this bifurcated funding environment, we also see a wide range in valuations, as well as select companies that raised multiple rounds at a significant valuation increase in the space of months.

Among this cohort, robotics and AI neolabs were the leading sectors for new unicorns. Other industries that stand out were in financial services, healthcare and biotech as well as AI infrastructure, AI deployment and devtools, defense, semiconductor and aerospace.

H1 new unicorns have added roughly $440 billion in value to the board — 5% of the board’s current value. These companies have raised $80 billion over time, representing 5% of funding raised by still-private, unicorn-valued companies.

The most valuable new unicorn this year is China-based open-source model developer , which was valued at $50 billion in its first external financing. Seychelles-based crypto exchange , valued at $25 billion, is the second most valuable company to join in the first half of this year.

San Francisco-based , majority owned by and valued at $14 billion when it raised $4 billion from private equity, is in the third spot.

From this cohort, four companies were valued as decacorns in H1, and a further five were valued above $5 billion, as of early August 2026.

Based on trends for 2025 companies, we expect valuations for this cohort to climb significantly in the next year. For the 193 new unicorns that joined in 2025, 12 were decacorns and another 18 were valued above $5 billion. Nine of those decacorns for this cohort became $10 billion-plus-valued companies in 2026.

US leads, China picks up

The U.S. leads with 110 companies — 56% of new unicorns in H1. China was in second place with 38 companies, a significant surge from 10 new unicorns in 2025. The U.K. was the third-largest market with 13 companies joining.

By continent, North America accounts for 115 new unicorns, Asia with 50 and Europe with 27. Latin America, Oceania and Africa each count for one.

Fast raises

In the current frenzied funding environment, 19 of H1’s new unicorns raised fast follow-on rounds, often in six months or less, and doubled on an earlier valuation to reach at least $2 billion or more.

Notable among the fast fundraisers are semiconductor startup , which doubled its prior valuation to $10 billion from $5 billion just six months earlier; defense tech unicorn , whose valuation vaulted to $7.9 billion, up from its prior $1.6 billion valuation seven months earlier; and , building nuclear energy reactors for AI, was valued at $6 billion, up from $2 billion four months earlier.

AI momentum

Trillions in value were added to The ������Ƶ ������Ƶ in the first half of the year, including from some of the largest-ever venture funding deals. The first six months of 2026 also notched the largest venture-backed exit of all time: ’s IPO.

Taken together with the rapid follow-on raises at ever-larger valuations some of those companies have achieved, it’s clear that the momentum around the fastest-growing companies has picked up significantly in this AI cycle.

Related ������Ƶ unicorn lists:

• (195)
• (1,839)
• (643)
• (232)
• (192)
• (117)
• (102)
• (947)
• (542)
• (250)
• (39)
• (489)

Related reading:

• A Record 14 Billion-Dollar Rounds In July Pushed Venture’s Historic Run Higher
• Led By DeepSeek, 10 Frontier Labs Rush Onto The ������Ƶ ������Ƶ In June
• ������Ƶ Data: Global Startup Investment Hit Record $510B In H1 2026 As AI Boom Accelerates Funding And Exits

Methodology

The ������Ƶ ������Ƶ is a curated list that includes private unicorn companies with post-money valuations of $1 billion or more and is based on ������Ƶ data. New companies are as they reach the $1 billion valuation mark as part of a funding round.

The unicorn board does not reflect internal company valuations — such as those set via a 409a process for employee stock options — as these differ from, and are more likely to be lower than, a priced funding round. We also do not adjust valuations based on investor writedowns, which change quarterly, as different investors will not value the same company consistently within the same quarter.

Funding to unicorn companies includes all private financings to companies that are tagged as unicorns, as well as those that have since graduated to .

Exits analyzed here only include the first time a company exits.

Please note that all funding values are given in U.S. dollars unless otherwise noted. ������Ƶ converts foreign currencies to U.S. dollars at the prevailing spot rate from the date funding rounds, acquisitions, IPOs and other financial events are reported. Even if those events were added to ������Ƶ long after the event was announced, foreign currency transactions are converted at the historic spot price.

Illustration:

July ranked as the third-largest funding month of the year, up 10% over June, following on the heels of a record-breaking first half of 2026, when startups raised $515 billion globally.

Fourteen startups raised billion-dollar rounds in July, the highest count in a single month, though not the largest amount raised in such deals, an analysis of ������Ƶ data shows. The tally includes nine U.S.-based companies, two each from Germany and China, and one company headquartered in Singapore.

The largest startup funding deal last month was a $10 billion investment in , the first external financing for the -founded space exploration company.

, a frontier lab founded by former Chief Scientist , reportedly raised $5 billion from . The next two largest deals were Beijing-based frontier lab ’s $3.5 billion raise after releasing its latest Kimi K3 model, and raising $2.8 billion for short-video generation.

Two Germany-based companies in defense tech also raised billion-dollar rounds: and . In the U.S., companies that raised billion-dollar-plus rounds spanned the energy, industrial robotics, AI training, security and semiconductor industries.

Funding to AI

A total of $35 billion, or around 53% of global venture funding, went to AI-focused companies in�� July. Other leading sectors were aerospace, defense and energy.

U.S.-based companies raised a total of $39 billion, or around 59% of global venture capital, last month with roughly half of the capital invested in its AI-focused companies.

Exits

July was also a robust month for startup exits, including via acquisition and public-market debuts.

Venture-backed M&A totaled more than $9 billion in July, with five companies exiting at prices�� over $1 billion, ������Ƶ data shows. Notable acquisitions included London-based data center provider ’s roughly $1.65 billion acquisition of software layer , which was built to manage AI workflows, and in the security sector, AI-native security company ’s $1 billion acquisition of , a service to manage non-human identities.

Twelve venture-backed companies went public above $1 billion in value in July, including five from China, six U.S.-based companies, and one from Italy. The largest was Chinese chipmaker , which went public at around $85 billion and . Italy-based , an acquirer of software companies including and , went public at a value of $18.5 billion. And last-mile transportation company , founded in 2017, went public at $1.6 billion in value, raising $167 million in the process.

In closing

If the first half of 2026 established that venture has entered a new era of mega-financings, July reinforced that the trend is broadening rather than fading. Record numbers of billion-dollar rounds in both hardware and software, alongside a healthy IPO and M&A market, point to an ecosystem where capital is not only concentrating in category leaders but is also beginning to recycle through exits.

Related ������Ƶ queries:

Methodology

The data contained in this report comes directly from ������Ƶ, and is based on reported data. Data is as of Aug. 3, 2026.

Note that data lags are most pronounced at the earliest stages of venture activity, with seed funding amounts increasing significantly after the end of a quarter/year.

Please note that all funding values are given in U.S. dollars unless otherwise noted. ������Ƶ converts foreign currencies to U.S. dollars at the prevailing spot rate from the date funding rounds, acquisitions, IPOs and other financial events are reported. Even if those events were added to ������Ƶ long after the event was announced, foreign currency transactions are converted at the historic spot price.

Glossary of funding terms

Seed and angel consists of seed, pre-seed and angel rounds. ������Ƶ also includes venture rounds of unknown series, equity crowdfunding and convertible notes at $3 million (USD or as-converted USD equivalent) or less.

Early-stage consists of Series A and Series B rounds, as well as other round types. ������Ƶ includes venture rounds of unknown series, corporate venture and other rounds above $3 million, and those less than or equal to $15 million.

Late-stage consists of Series C, Series D, Series E and later-lettered venture rounds following the “Series [Letter]” naming convention. Also included are venture rounds of unknown series, corporate venture and other rounds above $15 million. Corporate rounds are only included if a company has raised an equity funding at seed through a venture series funding round.

Technology growth is a private-equity round raised by a company that has previously raised a “venture” round. (So basically, any round from the previously defined stages.)

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That was the intent of our latest ������Ƶ News data dive into seed-stage trends. For this installment, we focused on mid-sized rounds of between $5 million and $10 million, analyzing around 800 global seed financings that closed this year.��

Why this range? In a startup investment climate characterized by the ascendance of megarounds, the idea was to focus on rounds more representative of the classic seed deal: a risky bet on unproven founders, technologies or business models.

Using this methodology we identified multiple popular investment themes and zeroed in on five. The first — cybersecurity — we tackled in a separate piece. Here we delve into the other four: proptech, cancer therapeutics, space tech and robotics.

No. 1: Proptech

Real estate is the world’s most valuable asset class, providing startups a huge and varied addressable market. By one estimate a few years ago, real estate accounted for a staggering two-thirds of global net worth.

Given the size of the space, actual venture investment tied to real estate and construction looks comparatively meager. Last year, per ������Ƶ analysis, proptech startup investment totaled just over $10 billion, far below peaks hit several years ago.

Seed investors seem to believe there’s a good case for startup driven growth ahead. In particular, they’re funding a lot of rounds in the $5 million to $10 million range for companies looking to add efficiencies to the planning and building process, streamline rental operations, reduce building power consumption, and more.

To illustrate, below we put together a sample set of 15 companies that closed seed rounds in our target range this year:

A few standouts include , an AI-powered home management system, , a developer of software to support real estate decarbonization, and , an AI-enabled construction supply chain platform.��

No. 2: Cancer treatments

Startup founders don’t need persuasive superpowers to convince investors that cancer is a sufficiently serious area to address. Today, it’s that 39% of Americans will be diagnosed with cancer at some point in their lives. Cancer also ranks as the second leading , behind heart disease.��

Seed-stage companies aren’t expected to bring down numbers in the near term, but as they progress, it’s increasingly plausible. That’s the apparent mindset for investors at this stage, who’ve backed a good-sized number of rounds in the $5 million to $10 million range this year for developers of cancer therapeutics and diagnostics, charted below:

Three California startups secured $10 million, the largest financing in our sample set. They include: , which is working on AI-driven discovery of undetected cancer targets, , a developer of targeted therapies for solid tumors, and , which is focused on cancer diagnostics.

No. 3: Space and satellite tech

This year’s most attention-getting event in space tech finance was obviously the IPO of sector pioneer . But while that debut may have dominated headlines, quite a few smaller, earlier, lower-profile deals were also getting done.

Per ������Ƶ data, space tech was a popular area for seed financings in the $5 million to $10 million range. To illustrate, below we put together a sample set of nine such companies that raised rounds this year:

The largest fundraiser in our target range was , which is focused on developing reusable satellites. Next was , focused, as its name implies, on in-space propulsion systems, followed by , developer of an ML-native operations platform for satellite fleets.

No. 4: Robotics

Robotics is a perennial favorite in our seed-funding data dives, including the last one, focused on AI. This time, the sector made the ranking again, thanks to a bevy of intriguing seed-stage companies that met our parameters.

Turns out, you can jumpstart some highly ambitious ventures on a $5 million to $10 million seed round. To illustrate, below we aggregated a sample of 18 funded this year:

Robotics was also the most geographically dispersed sector in our lineup, with startups hailing from Asia, North America, Europe and Australia. A few that stood out include , a developer of what it calls “intimacy robots,” , a maker of autonomous underwater robots, and , focused on robots for greenhouse harvesting.

Big picture: Midsized seed rounds for outsized ambitions

Overall, seed funding trends reviewed above may tell us more about the kinds of companies investors are willing to bet on than about the sectors attracting interest, which are already well-established.

Clearly, startup investors still believe that small, modestly funded teams with grand missions remain a worthwhile and viable wager. That’s particularly encouraging these days, when the venture and seed financings we most commonly hear about tend to be the largest ones.

That’s not to diss large rounds. Startups that are led by prominent serial entrepreneurs or have established traction hold obvious appeal, even at pricier terms. But for those of us who enjoy rooting for the underdog, it’s encouraging to see lower-profile companies with outsized ambitions are still in the game.

Related ������Ƶ lists:��

Related reading:

• AI Seed Investors Flock To Cybersecurity��
• In Charts: Seed Deals Keep Getting Bigger As Odds Of Reaching Series A Fall Dramatically��
• AI Seed Trends: More Multimedia, Backend Automation, Agentic Security, And Yes, Robots

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has spent nearly two centuries adapting to successive industrial revolutions — evolving from a 19th century steel and heavy machinery company into a global leader in energy management and automation. Now, through its 1 billion Euro venture fund, , the company is betting that the next transformation will be driven by AI’s collision with the physical world, from data centers and power grids to robotics and industrial automation.

For , who joined SE Ventures in 2022 after leading corporate investments at , AI’s biggest opportunities extend well beyond software. As demand for compute strains energy infrastructure and accelerates reindustrialization, the firm is backing startups building the technologies that underpin the AI economy — investing in everything from data center infrastructure and grid resilience to robotics and industrial AI.

������Ƶ News spoke with Chaturvedy about where those opportunities are emerging, why energy has become AI’s defining constraint, and how industrial technology is being reshaped by the AI era. “We were set up with the intent to figure out where the market is headed,” he said.

The significance of the energy and industrial sectors has grown with AI, and that has led even traditionally tech-focused venture investors to rush into the space. “Today, the scarce resource in this entire space is the capacity to build — building, real estate, energy, power and electrification gear,” Chaturvedy said.

SE Ventures , and has notched 12 exits including its most recent, , a 3D metal printing technology acquired by Tokyo-based electronic manufacturer

The firm will often take board seats or board positions and work to bring value to its portfolio companies.

Around 80% of the startups in its portfolio have some level of commercial relationship with a business unit of Schneider Electric. Most often that’s as a partner servicing Schneider’s customers, which is the holy grail, according to Chaturvedy. Sometimes it’s as a vendor, although that remains a smaller set of use cases.

In our conversation, we spoke about power scarcity, the electrical grid, workforce training, reindustrialization and notable portfolio companies.

The interview has been edited for length and clarity.

Gené Teare: Which sectors or investments are you focused on? Where there is a lot of drive or interest because of what is happening in AI?

Chaturvedy: Three things come to mind, especially in terms of the areas we invest in versus the broader construct of the market.

First, AI is getting embedded, and you need to train models, whether open source or proprietary. Model training has upleveled to inference so you need AI infrastructure. is a great example of that.

Five years out, when this CapEx cycle starts to come down and new data centers are perhaps not getting created, data center efficiency will become a hot topic. We are also investors today in a company called , which focuses on that problem. That will come three, five or seven years out. It is going to come. It is not a problem today because we are on the upswing of the CapEx cycle.

Together AI and Hammerhead AI are very interested in partnering with Schneider Electric, because Schneider Electric is a leading electrification player in the data center space. It makes a lot of gear and equipment that go into these data centers. Today, the scarce resource in this entire space is capacity to build: buildings, real estate, energy, power and electrification gear.

The other market impacted by the emergence and growth of AI is the interplay with the grid. There are more demands on the grid beyond the electrification of vehicles, and it is 100x or 1,000x bigger than what we saw with vehicles needing to get charged from inside houses. The grid could not keep up with that capacity in the past, and it certainly cannot keep up with these demands today.

More project developers are coming in and setting up renewables or other types of capacity, but again, the interplay is still with the grid. Anything that helps with grid resilience is clearly an area for us to invest in.

The third thing is the transformative impact of AI on the world of industrials. That is where we are quite excited. Robotics is one clear area where a general-purpose model can allow the same robotics hardware to do multiple different tasks that were not possible in the past, because cognition and inference were not possible at the edge before the advent of large language models.

Companies like in our portfolio —��which is one of the most exciting companies at the intersection of robotics and AI — are market-leading indicators of where this world is headed.

There is also an element of using AI to deliver better use cases in the field. Companies like in our portfolio essentially capture warranty data, analyze it and feed results back to design engineers in big corporations. There are a lot of OEMs and hardware companies looking for select use cases where AI can actually be very transformative.

That is what customers are looking for: How can AI be transformative for my business? Whichever startup is working with me in that transformation journey is the startup that will move from POC to adoption overnight. That is essentially the world of successful startups.

Overlaying on top of this is a confluence that we see and watch from our vantage point. When you think about the energy efficiency that needs to happen in these industrial worlds, energy technologies and industrial technologies have to collaborate and deliver those use cases while being energy efficient. That was not the case in the past. Energy was cheaper and more readily available.

Now industrial is taking off. There is more AI adoption. The workforce is getting older, and there is no way to overnight train a workforce in America, so you have to rely on AI. You are going to consume more and more AI for industrial use cases, which was never a business imperative in the past.

This is where the worlds of enterprise and industrial are colliding very quickly in the world of AI.

Increasingly, what I hear is that the bottleneck for AI at this point is energy. Are you seeing some short-term solutions that help with this? What about longer-term technologies?

Chaturvedy: It’s very clear that from a short-term basis — and this isn’t quite an energy-related solution — it’s more about tokens. If you think about the unit economics of an AI data center, it’s the tokens. To generate a token, it costs electricity. To train your model, or infer from a model, you need a lot of tokens. The bigger the model, the bigger the data set, and the more complex the use cases, the more tokens.

Ultimately, it’s a battle of producing tokens cheaply and also consuming fewer tokens through the models that exist today. That’s where optimization is happening, but that’s more in the enterprise space: How can I write clever versions of software that allow me to do essentially that?

The longer-term solution is going to be about — actually, maybe there is a middle layer also — beyond the tokens: When I’m running my data center, can I push inference to a different point in time so I’m not consuming peak electricity rates? Can I manage my HVAC better? You need cooling systems to cool your data center environment, and there are techniques that work really well there. Schneider has also bought some assets in the past.

Then the longer-horizon cycle is really about creating new generation capacity, largely through renewables, hopefully. That’s where I think the whole renewable story, at least in the U.S., becomes very interesting going forward. Related to renewables is storage, which we haven’t touched upon, but BESS — battery energy storage systems — is another space that we look at very closely.

There is a huge discussion in Europe and in America around reindustrialization. How do you see that playing out, given the sectors you’re focused on, industrialization and energy?

Chaturvedy: I don’t think America or Europe really have a choice other than to reindustrialize, given the geopolitical situation and a variety of other factors that I’m sure you fully track as well.

We know that technologically, the U.S. has a competitive advantage. We produce great software engineers, we move fast, and innovation is the lifeblood of U.S. society. There is a lot of innovation happening here, whether it’s robotics, newer models, setting up data centers, energy generation, and so on. That’s where the U.S. is going to lead as we think about reindustrialization: training the workforce, doing things more automatically, with the holy grail being AI startups that result in lights-out manufacturing facilities.

That becomes more of a possibility now. We are never going to be able, in my opinion, in the next three to five years, to replace an aging workforce and expect them to be trained to the same level that a technician with 30 or 50 years of experience was at. But it is now possible that every blue-collar worker with AI in their hands as an assistant becomes a knowledge worker.

Earlier, we used to think about knowledge workers as IT people or white-collar jobs. I think that’s changing. Everybody will be a knowledge worker. AI will be such an equalizer in that sense. There will be different use cases in different environments, but that doesn’t change the business reality. Everybody becomes a knowledge worker.

The second thing to note is that not every job will come back. There is a reality of inflation, cost of living, and the quality of living in America that people are used to, whether it’s base pay, hazardous environments, number of shifts or what have you. As a society, we’ve made certain choices. We’ll be smart about how we leverage more AI and more robotics to get what we want, and not try to emulate other manufacturing-heavy geographies.

But as an economy, as more AI comes, we will move to a different level in terms of what constitutes the GDP of America and the goods and services underneath.

How long do you think that takes to play out?

Chaturvedy: There are certain industries where it’s already happening, data centers being at the forefront. Mainly because the need is very urgent, and there are significant dollars at play today in the data center space, where people are willing to spend the money. In a capitalistic society, everybody is going to chase money. The data center happens to be that today.

But in the next three to 10�� years, depending on the CapEx refresh cycle of different industries, we will see more greenfield projects emerge that are natively robotics-oriented and natively industrial automation-oriented, because AI has already caught up.

Right off the bat, every new factory that gets online in the next seven to 10 years will have a basic level of productivity that is way higher than a new factory set up 30, 20 or 15 years ago. The ROI from that factory would be so strong that you would have to expand more capacity there. And by the way, capacity would also be more scalable.

On reimagining or thinking through the data center stack: is there anything you want to say about that as we close out?

Chaturvedy: We specifically invest in AI for energy and industry, looking across the full stack from data infrastructure to training and inference, through to AI agents solving real-world use cases. We also consider the enabling layers around that stack, like multi-cloud, multi-LLM, cybersecurity, and data governance.

Ultimately, every industry is going to build its own version of this stack, and we believe the most compelling companies will be the ones who drive tangible outcomes in enterprise and industrial environments.

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